Tensions between NATO and Russia reached a new high Wednesday after Polish forces shot down 19 drones that violated the country’s airspace during a broad Russian aerial offensive on Ukraine. The dramatic incursion, called a “large-scale provocation” by Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk, marked the first known instance of a NATO member taking direct defensive action linked to the ongoing war.
In response, Tusk announced Poland had formally asked the alliance to initiate consultations under Article 4 of the North Atlantic Treaty, a rarely invoked provision that allows member states to call for discussions if their territory, independence, or security is threatened.
According to Tusk, the shootdown followed the drones’ dangerous incursion across the Polish border as Russian forces unleashed a significant attack on Ukrainian targets, again threatening the fragile security on NATO’s eastern flank. Polish authorities said the intercepted drones, which included one that struck a residential building in the Wyryki municipality, posed an immediate threat to both civilian safety and national sovereignty.
“We cannot accept such provocations on our territory,” Tusk said, emphasizing the gravity of the situation. “We have called upon our allies to consult and ensure the alliance stands together in the face of these violations.”
While Russia’s RIA state news agency dismissed the Polish claims as “groundless,” several European officials characterized the airspace breach as deliberate, warning it may signal a new phase of Russian escalation.
What is Article 4?
Article 4 of the NATO treaty, established in 1949, states that member nations will consult together whenever any of them believes their territory, political independence, or security is under threat. This provision triggers discussions at the North Atlantic Council—the alliance’s main political body—where member states may consider coordinated action. Article 4 has been invoked just seven times in the organization’s history, most recently in early 2022, after Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine. At that time, multiple eastern European members sought alliance talks, fearing the war could spill across borders.
What is Article 5?
If investigations conclude that Russia intentionally attacked a NATO member state, the alliance could escalate its response by considering Article 5—the centrepiece of NATO’s mutual defense commitment. Article 5, invoked only once before (after the September 11 terror attacks in the U.S.), stipulates that an attack on one member is considered an attack on all, potentially obligating each allied nation to assist, including through military means.
However, the process is not automatic and requires agreement among members about the nature of the incident. Experts note that the treaty language is somewhat flexible, allowing individual nations latitude in the scope and manner of their response—even as they collectively determine if Article 5 applies.
A History of Near-Misses and Warnings
Incidents involving NATO territory have previously triggered emergency deliberations. In November 2022, alliance ambassadors held a crisis meeting after a missile strike in Poland killed two civilians, sparking global fears of direct NATO-Russian conflict before the missile was identified as likely of Ukrainian air defense origin.
Throughout the Ukraine war, Western analysts have repeatedly warned of the risk that hostilities could spill beyond Ukrainian borders, particularly across NATO’s eastern members. Such a development, intentional or accidental, could force the alliance to make fateful decisions about military involvement.
As consultations begin, all eyes are now on NATO members to see how they interpret this latest incursion and what measures—if any—they might take to reinforce collective security in the region. The events of September 10 underscore how quickly the war can threaten to expand beyond Ukraine, posing fundamental questions about the future of European defense and alliance solidarity.
